ST. LOUIS (AP) — The nation’s third botched execution in six
months offers more evidence for the courts that lethal injection
carries too many risks and amounts to cruel and unusual punishment,
death-row lawyers and other opponents said Thursday.
Death-penalty
opponents say an Arizona inmate who gasped for breath for more than 90
minutes showed that executions using different drugs and dosages are a
callous trial-and-error process. The result: Every few months, a
prisoner gasps, chokes and takes an unusually long time to die.
"These
executions are experiments on human subjects," said Cheryl Pilate, an
attorney for several Missouri death-row inmates. "The potential for
things to go wrong is almost unlimited."
Lethal injection has been
challenged in the courts many times, mostly without success. The
biggest recent obstacle for death-penalty states has been obtaining
lethal chemicals after major drugmakers stopped selling drugs for use in
executions. That forced states to find alternative drugs.
The
drugs are mostly purchased from loosely regulated compounding
pharmacies. Arizona, Texas, Florida and Missouri refuse to name the
supplier and offer no details about how the drugs are tested or how
executioners are trained.
The Supreme Court will probably face
increasing pressure to examine how American executions are carried out,
said Deborah Denno, a Fordham University School of Law death penalty
expert.
"Every time this happens, it makes it far more difficult
for a state corrections department to justify using a drug such as
midazolam that’s so consistently problematic, and to justify the
secrecy," Denno said.
Some death-penalty opponents are zeroing in
on midazolam, a sedative commonly given to people with seizures. It was
first used in an execution in October in Florida.
This year, three
of the 10 U.S. executions using the drug have gone wrong. The latest
was Wednesday, when Arizona inmate Joseph Rudolph Wood took two hours to
die. He was put to death for killing his former girlfriend and her
father.
Most lethal injections kill in a fraction of that time, often within 10 or 15 minutes.
Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer ordered a review of the state’s execution protocol. Wood’s lawyer demanded an
independent investigation.
Governors in Ohio and Oklahoma ordered similar reviews after bungled executions in those states earlier
this year.
In
January, Ohio inmate Dennis McGuire snorted and gasped for 26 minutes
before dying. State corrections officials have said they do not believe
McGuire suffered, but they increased the drug dosage "to allay any
remaining concerns."
In April, Oklahoma inmate Clayton Lockett
died of an apparent heart attack 43 minutes after his execution began.
The state’s prison’s chief directed the executioner to stop
administering the drugs when he learned there was a problem with the IV.
Both
Arizona and Ohio used a two-drug protocol of midazolam and the
painkiller hydromorphone. Oklahoma used a three-drug combination of
midazolam, the muscle relaxant vecuronium bromide and potassium
chloride, which stops the heart.
State protocols on how to use
midazolam vary greatly. Some inject it as part of a two-drug method,
others three. The amount of the drug given also varies. Ohio used 10
milligrams of midazolam in the McGuire execution. Oklahoma’s protocol
calls for 100 milligrams. Florida uses 500 milligrams.
"They don’t know," Denno said. "We don’t have experts on how to inject someone to
death."
Texas
and Missouri, two of the most active death penalty states, use the
single drug pentobarbital. Still, death row lawyers say the same
potential exists for problems to occur.
Pilate and James Rytting, a
Houston lawyer who represents several condemned inmates in Texas, plan
to cite the botched Arizona execution in appeals for inmates awaiting
execution.
"These agonizing and horrifying situations are going to happen," Rytting said.
Texas
plans no changes based on what happened in Arizona, corrections
spokesman Jason Clark said, noting that Texas uses pentobarbital.
"The agency has used this protocol since 2012 and has carried out 33 executions without
complication," Clark said.
Ohio
corrections spokeswoman JoEllen Smith said the state is "always
evaluating" policies to ensure executions "are carried out in a humane
and lawful manner."
Florida death-row attorney Sonya Rudenstine said it’s possible that Florida inmates also have suffered.

"We
haven’t had the kind of display of agony in Florida that there has been
in the other states," but that’s because the state first gives
prisoners a paralyzing agent, Rudenstine said.
She has asked the
state to eliminate the paralytic drug during the upcoming execution of
inmate Paul Howell, but the Department of Corrections refused. She said
Howell made the request because the paralytic causes pain and could
prevent authorities from knowing if he has a bad reaction to midazolam.
In
Louisiana, corrections spokeswoman Pam Laborde said the department is
"considering alternative methods of execution, including the most
effective drugs and dosage levels" for lethal injections.