Naturalists aboard whale-watching boats have seen humpbacks in the Atlantic Ocean within a mile of the
Rockaway peninsula, part of New York’s borough of Queens, within sight of Manhattan’s skyscrapers.

"It is truly remarkable, within miles of the Empire State Building, to have one of the largest and
most charismatic species ever to be on this planet," said Howard Rosenbaum, director of the Ocean
Giants program at the Wildlife Conservation Society.

Humpbacks were spotted 87 times from the boats this year, and by cataloging the whales’ markings, at
least 19 different humpbacks have been identified in the waters off the city.

Paul Sieswerda, founder of Gotham Whale, which documents the marine mammal population around New York,
said reports of humpbacks in the New York Bight, where the city’s harbor meets the Atlantic, began to
pick up around 2010 from surprised fishermen and other veterans on the water. Gotham Whale then
partnered with the American Princess whale-watching boat, providing naturalists who could document the
sightings.

The naturalists also do an educational presentation on the boat and answer customers’ questions, said Tom
Paladino, the boat’s captain.

"It was pretty slim pickings at first, actually," Sieswerda said. "We went on many cruises
and had three sightings totaling five whales in 2011."

But in 2012, there were 15 sightings; in 2013, 33; and this year there were 87 sightings totaling 106
humpbacks.

Many whales were sighted more than once. But by comparing flukes — the distinctive shapes and markings of
their tails — 19 different humpbacks have been documented near the city so far. Customers on the
whale-watching tours are asked to share any photos they get of such markings for the "New York City
Humpback Whale Catalog."

"This is the way they’ve been doing it in Maine and Massachusetts, the recognized way to keep track
of these whales, study their behavior," Sieswerda said.

It’s not crystal clear why humpbacks, which can be 50 feet long and weigh 40 tons, are returning to New
York’s shores, where they were abundant before they and other whale species were nearly destroyed by
whaling.

Rosenbaum said the humpbacks’ reappearance could be simply a shift in their habits rather than a spike in
population. A greater abundance of menhaden, one of the humpbacks’ favorite foods, could have attracted
them from farther out in the ocean.

That might be because the water is cleaner.

"One would like to think that some of this has been triggered by an improved environmental
ethic," Rosenbaum said. "We have the clean air and clean water acts, the Marine Mammal
Protection Act and associated state laws. It’s hard to make the link for sure but there’s certainly been
a behavioral change toward the natural environment."

Sieswerda agreed that various factors are in play but said, "I think it all begins with cleaner
water," including the improved Hudson River.

Whatever the cause, humpback populations worldwide are increasing. Counting whales is difficult, but the
International Whaling Commission says its latest estimates put the worldwide population at about
150,000. About 11,600 of those are in the Western North Atlantic, which includes the New York Bight off
New York City. There might have been just hundreds before whale protection laws were passed.

New Yorkers shouldn’t expect to see humpbacks frolicking around the Statue of Liberty. Except for the
occasional disoriented calf, the whales generally stay well outside the harbor, beyond the
"gate" formed by the Rockaway peninsula in New York and Sandy Hook in New Jersey.

Rosenbaum worries that more whales could mean problems in the busy shipping lanes out of New York. And he
hopes they’ll be taken into consideration when offshore wind-power projects are suggested.

But he says, "Having them here is truly remarkable and encouraging. I think it will help people in
New York embrace the natural world and the marine environment and these iconic species."